Acknowledgments
List of Tables, Boxes, Figures, and Maps
List of Abbreviations
List of Contributors
1. Introduction
Emmanuel Brunet-Jailly, Achim Hurrelmann, and Amy Verdun
The Purpose of This Book
The EU as a Peace Project: One Overarching Insight and Three Themes of Debate
Theme 1: Economic Cooperation in a Mixed Economy
Theme 2: More Than an International Organization, Less Than a State
Theme 3: From Economic to Democratic Legitimation?
Structure of the Book
Part One: Integration and Governance
2. A Short History of the European Union
Constantin Chira-Pascanut
European Integration: A Historical Overview
The First Moves: The European Coal and Steel Community (1951), the European Economic Community (1957), and the European Atomic Energy Community (1957)
The 1960s: A Decade of Mixed Results
The 1970s: Facing Economic and Financial Crisis
The 1980s and the 1990s: European Integration Relaunched
The EU at the Beginning of the New Century
The EU after 2010 – Coping with Crisis
Why/How Does a Historical Analysis Matter for Understanding the EU Today?
3. The Political Institutions of the European Union
Finn Laursen, Achim Hurrelmann, and Amy Verdun
The European Council
The European Commission
The Council of the EU
The European Parliament
The Interplay of Institutions in EU Policy-Making
Debate: Efficiency, Solidarity, and Leadership
4. Legal Integration and the Court of Justice of the European Union
Martha O’Brien and Eszter Bodnár
Primary Law: The Treaties
Secondary Law: Acts of the EU Institutions
Fundamental Principles of the EU Law
The Court of Justice of the European Union: Overview
The CJEU as a Constitutional Court for the European Union
Enforcing EU Law in the Member States
Reviewing EU Secondary Legislation
Protecting Fundamental Rights
Debate: Incremental Legal Integration, Direct Effect and Supremacy
5. Policy Making and Governance in the European Union’s Multilevel System
Ingeborg Tömmel
The Fundamental Constraints on EU Policy-Making
The Evolution of EU Policy-Making and Governance
Consolidating EU Multilevel Governance
Debate: Is EU Governance Effective?
6. Theories of European Integration and Governance
Amy Verdun
Federalism, Neofunctionalism, and Intergovernmentalism
Federalism
Neofunctionalism
Intergovernmentalism
Multilevel Governance, Governance, Europeanization, and Institutionalism
Theories of Democracy, Legitimacy, and the EU as a Global Player
Debate: Why Use Theories in European Integration Studies?
Part Two: Policies
7. Economic and Monetary integration: Single Market and EMU
Paul Schure and Amy Verdun
From the Common Market to the Single Market
Creating Europe’s Single Currency
The First Ten Years of EMU
From Financial Crisis to Sovereign Debt Crisis
Crises Responses: New Institutions for the Single Currency
Banking Union and Capital Markets Union
Debate: Fiscal Federalism, Vicious Circle, and Current Challenges
8. Migration, Citizenship, and Security
Oliver Schmidtke
Justice, Freedom, and Security: From Humble Beginnings to a Key EU Policy Field
Migration and Asylum
Justice, Fundamental Rights, and Citizenship
Borders and Security
Debate: Governing Migration and Borders: The Refugee Crisis and its Impact on the EU
9. Foreign, Security, and Defence Policies
Frédéric Mérand and Antoine Rayroux
A Short History of EU Foreign Policy
A Hybrid Foreign Policy System
Debates in EU Foreign Policy
10. Common Agricultural Policy
Crina Viju-Miljusevic
Common Agricultural Policy: History, Instruments, and Reforms
History
CAP Instruments and Their Outcomes
CAP Reforms
Debates: Distributing the Budget, Farm Support, and Decentralization
11. Regional Policy
Emmanuel Brunet-Jailly
The Origins and Development of the EU’s Regional Policy
From Six to Twelve: The European Regional Development Fund (1967–1988)
The Institutionalization of Cohesion Policy (1988–1993)
From 12 to 15: The Maastricht Treaty (1993–1999)
From 15 to 25: Making Enlargement a Success (2000–2006)
At 27 members: The World’s Largest Development Program (2007–2013)
The Way Forward: Cohesion policy in an EU of 28 Member States (2014–2020)
The 2021–2027 Cohesion or Investment Policy?
Debate: Does the Cohesion Policy Work and What is the Role of Governance in its Success?
12. European External Trade Policy
Valerie J. D’Erman
The Evolution of EU Trade Policy
EC Common Commercial Policy
Trade Policy and the Single Market
The Lisbon Treaty and Europe 2020
From Negotiation to Ratification
The EU and the World
Debate: Issues with EU Trade Policies
13. Enlargement
Charles C. Pentland
The First Three Enlargements
The UK, Ireland, and Denmark
The Southern Enlargement
The EFTA Enlargement
The EU Looks Eastward
Managing Enlargement: From Improvisation to Governance
Intergovernmental Institutions and Actors
Supranational Institutions and Actors
Debates: Assessing Enlargement
The 1970s to 1990s
The “Big Bang” and After
Türkiye
The Western Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine
14. European Neighbourhood Policy
Assem Dandashly and Gabriela Chira
History and Origins of ENP
The Development of ENP since 2004
The Eastern and the Southern Neighbourhood (until 2010)
Post-2010 Developments in ENP
Types of Agreements and Associations
Debate: How Successful has the ENP Been?
Part Three: Challenges
15. Democracy in the European Union
Achim Hurrelmann
Democratic Life in the EU
European Parliament
National Democratic Processes
Procedures for Civil Society Participation
EU Democracy and the Citizens
Debate: Is There a “Democratic Deficit” in EU Politics?
16. Unity in Diversity: Combating Inequalities in the European Union
Heather MacRae
The Evolution of Equality and Non-discrimination Measures
The Limitations to the EU’s Approach
Current Controversies and Debates
Financial Crisis and Austerity
The Rule of Law
The Global Pandemic: COVID-19
The EU’s Responses
17. European Green Deal and Energy Security
Michèle Knodt, Julia Jänisch, and G. Cornelis van Kooten
History of EU Climate and Energy Policy
EU Energy Policy
An Integrated EU Climate Change Policy
EU Climate Policy
Debate: (Un)Fit for 55? The EU’s Challenging 2030 and 2050 Targets in Times of War
18. Geopolitics of the European Union
Joan Debardeleben
The EU: An “Accidental” Geopolitical Actor?
Regional Geopolitical Challenges: The EU’s Eastern and Southern Neighbourhood
Conflict and Instability in Eastern Europe
The Middle East and the Arab Spring
Global Geopolitical Challenges: The EU’s Geopolitical Role Outside of Europe
The EU’s Strategic Partnerships
International Terrorism and Cybersecurity
Debate: Relations with Russia and the Ukraine Crisis
19. Conclusion
Emmanuel Brunet-Jailly, Achim Hurrelmann, and Amy Verdun
Theme 1: Is the EU Still Committed to its Original Ambition of Building a Mixed Economic System That Is Neither State-Controlled nor Left to an Unconstrained Market?
Theme 2: Does the EU Remain a Political System That Is Neither an International Organization, nor a Fully-Fledged Federal State?
Theme 3: How Can the EU Build Its Legitimacy in the European Population?
Chronology
Glossary
Appendix: Research Resources
Index
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